Genotoxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Mitotic Chromosomes of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Agriculture, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Lead, cadmium, and copper are common environmental pollutants in most industrialized countries. Soil with heavy metal pollution has raised concern in recent years due to its possible destructive effects on plants system. In the present investigation, we studied the genotoxic effect of lead, cadmium, and copper on mitotic chromosomes of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. for the first time. The root tips of T. foenum-graecum were treated with four graded concentrations (viz. 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) of lead, cadmium, and copper. After hydrolyzing the root end in hydrochloric acid solution, they were stained with acetocarmine. After squashing the root end, they were studied under a microscope. To this end, the mitotic index (MI) and the total percentage of abnormality (TAP%) were analyzed. Studying of the root end of T. foenum-graecum showed that this plant is diploid and its chromosomal base number is 2x=2n=16. Cytological monitoring revealed that Pd, Cd, and Cu exhibit mitodepressive behaviors at higher concentrations. Moreover, the mitotic index decreases, but the incidence of different anomalies, such as sticky chromosome, c-mitosis, micronucleus, laggard chromosome, bridge, and precocious movement, increase through increasing heavy metal concentration. Among the mitotic abnormalities observed in all treatments, the highest percentage was related to the sticky chromosome. The highest genotoxic potential was observed in the lead, followed by cadmium and copper. The results showed that heavy metal pollution led to a significant MI reduction and TAP% increase in root tip meristems of T. foenum-graecum. This should be considered as a risk warning of the environmental pollution on plants, especially medicinal plants.

Keywords

References

Abubacker MN, Sathya C. 2017. Genotoxic effect of heavy metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn using Allium Cepa L. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 14(3): 1181-1186.
Ackova DG. 2018. Heavy metals and their general toxicity on plants. Plant Sci J 5(1): 14-18.
An YJ. 2006. Assessment of comparative toxicities of lead and copper using plant assay. Chemosphere 62: 1359-1365.
Aprile A, De Bellis L. 2020. Heavy metals accumulation, toxicity, and detoxification in plants. Int J Mol Sci 21(11): 1-5.
Arora OP, Shah VC, Rao SRV. 1969. Studies on micronuclei induced by mitomycin-c in root cells of Vicia faba. Exp Cell Res 56: 443-448.
Badr A. 1983. Cytogenetic activities of triazine herbicide in root tips of Allium cepa and Vicia faba. Mutat Res 117: 173-182.
Chen Q, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wei J, Shen W, Shen Z, Cui J. 2017. Hemin-mediated alleviation of zinc, lead and chromium toxicity is associated with elevated photosynthesis, antioxidative capacity, suppressed metal uptake, and oxidative stress in rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 81: 253-264.
Cheng C, Ma X, Yan X, Sun F, Li LM. 2006. MARD: a new method to detect differential gene expression in treatment-control time courses. Bioinformatics 22: 2650-2657.
Chidambara A, Murugan L, Sankar A, Ganesh K and Sundaramoorthy P. 2006. Effect of chromium on growth and cell division of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). J Environ Health Sci Eng 6: 763-766.
Das NK. 1962. Synthetic capacities of chromosome fragments correlated with their ability to maintain nucleolar material. J Cell Biol 15: 121-130.
Das SK, Roy SK. 1989. Radi cytologia studies on solanum meiotic abnormalities. Cytologia 54: 477-481.
Defani-Scoarize MA, Pagliarini SM, Aguiar CG. 1995. Evaluation of meiotic behavior in double-cross maize hybrids and their parents. Maydica 40: 319-324.
Degrassi F, Rizzoni M. 1982. micronucleus test in Vicia faba root tips to detect mutagen damage in fresh-water pollution. Mutat Res 97: 19-33.
Deysson G. 1968. Antimitotic substances. Int Rev Cytol Suppl 24: 99-143.
El-Shahaby AO, Abdel Migid HM, Soliman MI, Mashaly IA. 2003. Genotoxicity screening of industrial wastewater using Allium cepa. chromosome aberration assay. Pak J Biol Sci 6: 23-28.
Ezeh E, Okeke O, Aburu CM, Anya OU. 2018. Comparative evaluation of cyanide and heavy metal levels in traditionally processed cassava meal products sold within enugu metropolis. Int J Environ Sci Nat Resour 12: 1-6.
Gebhart E. 1984. Chromosome damage in individuals exposed to heavy metals. Toxicol Environl Chem 8 (4): 253-265.
George NM. 2000. Evaluation on mutagenic effects of three heavy metals on Vicia faba plants. Cytologia 65: 75-82.
Gilli W. 1941. Chromosome behaviour in mitosis in triploid tradescantia hybrids. Bull Torrey Bot 68: 207-221.
Gomurgen AN. 2000. Cytological effect of herbicide 2,4-D isooctylester 48% on root mitosis of Allium cepa. Cytologia 65: 383-388.
Grant WF. 1978. Chromosome aberrations in plants as a monitoring system. Environ Health Perspect 27: 37-43.
Gruenhage L, Jager IIJ. 1985. Effect of heavy metals on growth and heavy metals content of Allium porrum and Pisum sativum. J Appl Botany 59: 11-28.
Hajmoradi F, Taleb beydokhti A. 2019a. Chromosomal study of yellow sweet-clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.) under heavy metals pollution of lead and zinc mine of Zeh Abad, Qazvin. J Nat Environ 72 (2): 199-212.
Hajmoradi F, Taleb beydokhti A. 2019b. Effect of heavy metals on meiosis cell division in Stachys inflata Benth. Casp J Environ Sci 17 (3): 363-373.
Ignacimuthu S, Babu CR. 1989. Induced chromosomal bbnormality and pollen sterility in wild and cultivated urd and mungbean. Cytologia 54: 159-167.
Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 2rd eds.; Boca Raton,Florida, USA: CRC Press Inc.
Kumar G, Srivastava A. 2015. Clastogenic and mito-inhibitory effect of heavy metals in root meristems of Vicia faba. Chromosome Botany 10 (1): 23-29.
Kumar G, Tripathi R. 2007. Lead induced cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in grass pea. Turk J Biol 32: 73-78.
Kumar G, Bhardwaj M. 2017. Comparative genotoxicity of heavy metals in root meristems of Cuminum cyminum L. Chromosome Botany 12: 7356-62.
Lasat MM, Pence NS, Curvin DF, Ebbs SD, Kochian IV. 2005. Molecular physiology of Zn transport in pyper accumulation Thlaspi caerulescens. J Exp Bot51: 71-79.
Levan A. 1951. Localised chromosome breakage in Vicia faba. Heriditas 30: 382-388.
Love RM. 1949. Estudos citológicos Preliminares de trigos rio-grandenses. Secretaria da Agricultura, Porto Alegre.
Magoon ML, Cooper DC, Hougas RW. 1958. Cytogenetic studies of some diploid Solanum section Tuberarium. Am J Bot 45: 207-221.
Mansuelli RW, Tanimoto EY, Brown C. Comai L. 1995. Irregular meiosis in a somatic hybrid between Solanum bulbocastanum and S. tuberosum detected by species-specific pcr markers and cytological analysis. Theor Appl Genet91: 401-408.
Nirmala A, Rao PN. 1996. Genetics of chromosome numerical mosaism in higher plants. Nucleus39: 151-175.
Pagliarini MS. 2000. Meiotic Behavior of Economically Important Plant Species: The Relationship between Fertility and Male Sterility. Genet Mol Biol 23: 997-1002
Pandey RM, Upadhyay SK. 2010. Cytological effect of heavy metals on root meristem cells of Vicia faba L. Toxicol Environ Chem 92 (1): 89-96.
Patnaik S, Saran BL, Patnik SM. 1984. Effect of zarda (processed tobacco leaf) extract on chromosomes of Allium cepa. Cytologia 49: 807-814.
Ranjbar M, Hajmoradi F, Karamian R. 2012. An overview on cytogenetics of the genus Onobrychis (Fabaceae) with special reference to O. sect. Hymenobrychis from Iran. Caryologia 65: 187-198.
Ritambhara T, Kumar G. 2010. Genetic loss through heavy metal induced chromosomal stickiness in grass pea. Caryologia 63: 223-228.
Sarac I, Bonciu E, Butnariu M, Petrescu I, Madosa E. 2019. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of some heavy metals by use of Allium test. Caryologia 72(2): 37-43.
Shaikh MAQ, Godward MBE. 1972. The meiotic consequences of radiation induced chromosome breaks in Lathyrus sativus and Vicia ervilla. Cytologia 37: 497-505.
Siddiqui S. 2012. Lead Induced genotoxicity in Vigna mungo var. HD-94. J Saudi Soc Agric 11: 107-112.
Singh P. 2015. Toxic effect of chromium on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity by use of Allium cepa L. Int J Appl Eng Res 5: 1-10.
Stopper H, Muller SO. 1997. Micronuclei as a biological endpoint for genotoxicity: a minireview. Toxicol in vitro 11: 661-667.
Swanson CP. 1965. Cytology and cytogenetics. Prentice Hall Inc. USA. Upper saddle river, New Jersey.
Turkoglu S. 2009. Genotoxic effects of mono-, di-, and trisodium phosphate on mitotic activity, DNA content, and nuclear volume in Allium cepa L. Caryologia62: 171-179.
Stoyanov IY, Vasileva PL, Popova TP, Slavova BN. 2018. The effects of lead and cadmium on cell division and chromosomal structure in Allium cepa test system in vivo. Ecologia Balkanica 10: 73-81.
Yagyu P, Morris R. 1957. Cytogenetic effects of X-rays and thermal neutrons on dormant tomato seeds. Genetics 42: 222-225.
Yucel E, Hatdpoglu A, Sozeni E, Guner ST. 2008. Effects of lead (PbCl2) on mitotic cell division of anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana). Biodicon 1(2): 124-129.
Journal of Genetic Resources
Volume 7, Issue 2
September 2021
Pages 265-271

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics