Isolation and Characterization of Brenneria nigrifluens Causing Bacterial Shallow Bark Canker of Walnut Trees in Golestan Province, Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Cotton Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Plant Protection, Razavi Agro-Industrial Company, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Shallow bark canker incited by Brenneria nigrifluens is considered one of the most dangerous diseases which can cause a significant reduction in walnut and timber production.  During spring and summer of 2019, walnut gardens were surveyed for symptoms like leaf spot, fruit, and stem canker from four different regions of Golestan province located in Iran. A set of 11 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from sample tissues with symptoms. In pathogenicity tests on unripe walnut fruits, all isolates caused typical black necrotic lesions covering almost the entire pericarp. Results of selected phenotypic tests and whole-cell protein patterns indicated that all isolates were the same as described for the type strain of B. nigrifluens. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequencing of the gyrB, rec A, and 16s rRNA genes of the representative isolate formed a unique clade, well-characterized, and separated from related species. The results of this study can have a bearing on the choice of disease management strategies.

Keywords

References

Aeini M, Khodakaramian G. 2017. Rhizosphere bacterial composition of the sugar beet using SDS-PAGE methodology. Braz Arch Biol technol 60.
Allahverdipour T, Shahryari F, Falahi Charkhabi N. 2020. First report of walnut bacterial canker caused by Gibbsiella quercinecans and Brenneria roseae subsp. roseae in Iran. New Dis Rep 41: 12-12.
Amirsardari V, Darvishniya M. Mirzaei H. 2015. Isolation and molecular identification of bacterial bark canker in walnut and evaluation of bacteria pathogenicity on the seedling and immature walnuts fruits in Lorestan province. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 8: 120-129.
Amirsardari V, Sepahvand S, Madani M. 2017. Identification of deep bark canker agent of walnut and study of its phenotypic, pathogenic, holotypic and genetic diversity in Iran. J Plant Int 12: 340-347.
Baradaran GH, Ghasemi A. 2004. Etiology of walnut canker disease in Kerman province. Proceeding of 16th Plant Protectection Congress. Iran: University of Tabriz p358.
Carella D, Spigno P, Devita N. 2003. Occurrence of trunk canker of walnut in Campania region (Italy). Inf Fitopatol 53: 32-33.
Charkhabi NF, Shams-bakhsh M, Rahimian H. 2010. Genetic diversity among Brenneria nigrifluens strains in Iran. Eur J Plant Pathol 128: 303-310.
Choi J, Lee E. Park Y. 2000. Shot hole of peach and Japanese plum caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni and Erwinia nigrifluens in Korea. Plant Dis 6:10-14.
Fahy PC, Persley GJ. 1983. Plant bacterial disease: a diagnostic guide. Aca. Press. 393pp.
Harighi B, Rahimian H. 1997. Widespread occurrence of the bark canker of walnut in Mazandaran province. Iranian J Plant Pathol 33:144-145.
Harighi B. 2006. Bacterial canker of walnut trees in Kourdestan province. Proceeding of the 17th National Plant Protection Congress. September 2-5; Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran, p319.
Hauben L, Swings J. 2005. Genus IV. Brenneria. In: Brenner DJ. Krieg NR, Staley JT, eds. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2. New York: Springer, 628-633.
Hauben L. Moore ERB, Vauterin L, Steenackers M, Mergaert J, Verdonck L, Swings J. 1998. Phylogenetic position of phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae. Sys Appl Microbiol 21: 384-397.
Hu J, Zhang Y, Qian W, He C. 2007. Avirulence gene and inser­tion element-based RFLP as well as RAPD markers reveal high levels of genomic polymorphism in the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Syst Appl Microbiol 30: 587-560.
Jamalizadeh A, Shamsbakhs M, Rahimian H. 2009. Occurrence and distribution of shallow bark canker of walnut trees in Northern provinces of Iran. J Plant Prot 16: 195-204.
King ED, Ward MK, Raney DE. 1954. Two simple media for demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. J Lab Clin Med 44: 301-307.
Klement Z, Farkas GL, Loverkovich L. 1964. Hypersensitive reaction induced by phytopathogeic bacteria in the tobacco leaf. Phytopathol 54: 474-477.
Lelliot RA, Billing E, Hayward AC. 1966. A determinative scheme for the fluorescent plant pathogenic pseudomonas. J Appl Bacteriol 29: 470-489.
Lopez MM. Marti R, Morente C, Orellana N, Ninot T, Aleta N. 1994. Phytopathogenic bacteria identified in walnut in Spain. Investigacion Agraria Produccion y Proteccion Vegetales 0 (Suppl 2): 307-314.
Loreti S, De-Simone D, Gallelli A, 2008. Detection and identification of Brenneria nigrifluens, the causal agent of the shallow bark canker of walnut by, PCR amplification. J Phytopatholo 156: 464-469.
Loreti S, Galleli A, Piccirillo P, Belisario A. 2005. Bacterial bark canker on English walnut. Acta Hortic 705: 433-435.
Menard, M, Delort F, Baudery A, Saux MLE. 2004. First report of bacterial canker of walnut caused by Brenneria nigrifluens in France. Plant Dis 88: p220.
Moretti C, Silvestri F, Rossini E, Natalini G, Buonaurio R. 2007. A protocol for rapid identification of Brenneria nigrifluens among bacteria isolated from bark cankers in Persian walnut plants. J Plant Pathol 89: 211-218.
Moretti C. Buonaurio R. 2010. Immature walnut fruit inoculation for evaluation of Brenneria nigrifluens pathogenicity. Phytopathol Medit 49: 80-83.
Morone C, Janse JD, Scortichini M. 1998. Bark canker of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) tree incited by Erwinia nigrifluens in Italy. J Phytopathol 146: 637-639.
Piccirillo, P., 2003. Il quadro fitopatologico del noce (Juglans regia L.) attraverso le osservazioni dell'ISF di Caserta. Rivista di frutticoltura e di ortofloricoltura 65:1039-43.
Popovic T, Ivanovic Z, Zivkovic S, Trkulja N, Ignjatov M. 2013. First report of Brenneria nigrifluens as the causal agent of shallow-bark canker on walnut trees (Juglans regia) in Serbia. Plant Dis 9711: 1504-1504.
Rahimian, H. 1989. Bacterial canker of walnut trees in Sari. In: Book of abstracts. 9th Plant Protectection Congress, Mashhad, Iran. University of Ferdowsi, p150.
Roshangar R, Harighi B. 2009. Investigation of the phenotypic and genetic properties of Brenneria nigrifluens strains, the causal agent of walnut bark canker in Kurdistan province, Iran. For Pathol 39: 335-342.
Saccardi A, Bonetti V, Melegatti A, Cristanini M. 1998a. Occurrence of Erwinia nigrifluens on English walnut (Juglans regia) in the Veneto region (northern Italy). J Plant Pathol 80: 63-65.
Saccardi A, Bonnetti V, Melegatti A, Cristini M. 1998b. Occurrence of Erwinia nigrifluens on English walnut (Juglans regia) in the Veneto region (Northern Italy). J Plant Pathol 80: 63-65.
Sadeghi E, Habibi H, Khodaygan P. 2016a. Brenneria nigrifluens, new threat for walnut trees in Alborz province of Iran.
Sadeghi K. Khodakaramian G. 2020. Characteristics and ice nucleation activity of sugarcane epiphytic and endophytic bacteria and their role in host frostbite. Sugar Tech 22: 291-302.
Sadeghi E, Khodaygan P, Hosseini A, Saberi-Riseh R. 2016b. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bacteria associated with shallow bark canker disease of walnut trees in Kerman province (Iran).
Sadeghi E, Khodaygan P, Hosseini A, Saberi-Riseh R. 2019. Study on shallow bark canker disease of walnut in Kerman province. Iranian J Plant Prot Sci. 50:1107-1117‎.
Saitou N, Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Bio Evo 4: 406-425.
Schaad NW, Jones JB, Chun W. 2001. Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. 3nd edition. APS Press 373 pp.
Scortichini M. 1999. Occurrence of Erwinia nigrifluens on walnut for timber production in Latium region. Inf Fitopatolo 49: 52-54.
Suslow TV, Schroth MN, Isaka M. 1982. Application of rapid method for Gram differentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria without staining. Phytopathol 72: 917-918.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evo 28: 2731-2739.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucl Aci Res 25: 4876-4882.
Vauterin L, Vantomme R, Pot B, Hoste B, Swings J, Kersters K. 1990. Taxonomic analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae and X. campestris pv. pelargonii by means of phytopathological, phenotypic, protein electrophoretic and DNA hybridization methods. Sys Appl Microbiol. 13: 166-176.
Waleron M, Waleron K, Podhajska AJ. Lojkowska E. 2002. Genotyping of bacteria belonging to the former Erwinia genus by PCR-RFLP analysis of a recA gene fragment. Microbiolo 148: 583-598.
Weisberg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane, DJ. 1991. 16S Ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173: 697-703.
Wilson EE, Starr MP, Berger JA. 1957. Bark canker, a bacterial disease of Persian walnut tree. Phytopathology, 47: 669-673.
YousefiKopaei F, Taghavi M, Banihashemi Z. 2004. Distribution and etiology of shallow bark canker of walnut in Fars and Kohgiluyehand-Boyerahmad provinces. In: 16th Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz, Iran, p387.
Laemmli UK. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 227: 680-685.
Journal of Genetic Resources
Volume 6, Issue 2
2020
Pages 148-156

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics